Hyperbola and 组合数学 (Fall 2017)/Problem Set 1: Difference between pages

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[[File:Hyperbola (PSF).svg|right|thumb|150px|A hyperbola is the intersection between both halves of a double cone and a plane.]]
== Problem 1 ==
A '''hyperbola''' is a type of [[conic section]]. Like the other three types of conic sections - [[parabola]]s, [[ellipse]]s, and [[circle]]s - it is a [[curve]] formed by the intersection of a [[cone]] and a [[plane (mathematics)|plane]]. A hyperbola is created when the plane intersects both halves of a double cone, creating two curves that look exactly like each other, but open in opposite directions. This occurs when the [[angle]] between the [[axis (mathematics)|axis]] of the cone and the plane is less than the angle between a line on the side of the cone and the plane.
#有<math>k</math>种不同的明信片,每种明信片有无限多张,寄给<math>n</math>个人,每人一张,有多少种方法?
#有<math>k</math>种不同的明信片,每种明信片有无限多张,寄给<math>n</math>个人,每人一张,每个人必须收到不同种类的明信片,有多少种方法?
#有<math>k</math>种不同的明信片,每种明信片有无限多张,寄给<math>n</math>个人,每人收到<math>r</math>张不同的明信片(但不同的人可以收到相同的明信片),有多少种方法?
#只有一种明信片,共有<math>m</math>张,寄给<math>n</math>个人,全部寄完,每个人可以收多张明信片或者不收明信片,有多少种方法?
#有<math>k</math>种不同的明信片,其中第<math>i</math>种明信片有<math>m_i</math>张,寄给<math>n</math>个人,全部寄完,每个人可以收多张明信片或者不收明信片,有多少种方法?


Hyperbolas can be found in many places in nature. For example, an object in open orbit around another object - where it never returns - can move in the shape of a hyperbola. On a [[sundial]], the path followed by the tip of the shadow over time is a hyperbola.
== Problem 2 ==
Find the number of ways to select <math>2n</math> balls from <math>n</math> identical blue balls, <math>n</math> identical red balls and <math>n</math> identical green balls.
* Give a combinatorial proof for the problem.
* Give an algebraic proof for the problem.


One of the most well-known hyperbolas is the [[graph]] of the equation <math>f(x) = 1/x</math>.
== Problem 3 ==
*一个长度为<math>n</math>的“山峦”是如下由<math>n</math>个"/"和<math>n</math>个"\"组成的,从坐标<math>(0,0)</math>到<math>(0,2n)</math>的折线,但任何时候都不允许低于<math>x</math>轴。例如下图:


== Definitions and equations ==
    /\
[[File:Hyperbola properties.svg|right|frame|Graph of a hyperbola (red curves). The asymptotes are shown as blue dashed lines. The center is labeled ''C'' and the two vertices are located at ''-a'' and ''a''. The foci are labeled ''F<sub>1</sub>'' and ''F<sub>2</sub>''.]]
  /  \/\/\    /\/\
The two disconnected curves that make up a hyperbola are called '''arms''' or '''branches'''.
  /        \/\/    \/\/\
  ----------------------
:长度为<math>n</math>的“山峦”有多少?


The two points where the branches are closest together are called the [[vertex|vertices]]. The line between these two points is called the ''transverse axis'' or ''major axis''. The [[midpoint]] of the transverse axis is the ''center'' of the hyperbola.
*一个长度为<math>n</math>的“地貌”是由<math>n</math>个"/"和<math>n</math>个"\"组成的,从坐标<math>(0,0)</math>到<math>(0,2n)</math>的折线,允许低于<math>x</math>轴。长度为<math>n</math>的“地貌”有多少?


At large distances from the center, the branches of the hyperbola approach two straight lines. These two lines are called the [[asymptote]]s. As the distance from the center increases, the hyperbola gets closer and closer to the asymptotes, but never intersects them.
== Problem 4==
李雷和韩梅梅竞选学生会主席,韩梅梅获得选票 <math>p</math> 张,李雷获得选票 <math>q</math> 张,<math>p>q</math>。我们将总共的 <math>p+q</math> 张选票一张一张的点数,有多少种选票的排序方式使得在整个点票过程中,韩梅梅的票数一直高于李雷的票数?等价地,假设选票均匀分布的随机排列,以多大概率在整个点票过程中,韩梅梅的票数一直高于李雷的票数。


The ''conjugate axis'' or ''minor axis'' is [[wikt:perpendicular|perpendicular]], or at a right angle to, the transverse axis. The endpoints of the conjugate axis are at the height where a segment that intersects the vertex and is perpendicular to the transverse axis intersects the asymptotes.
==Problem 5==
A <math>2\times n</math> rectangle is to be paved with <math>1\times 2</math> identical blocks and <math>2\times 2</math> identical blocks. Let <math>f(n)</math> denote the number of ways that can be done. Find a recurrence relation for <math>f(n)</math>, solve the recurrence relation.


A hyperbola that has a center at the [[origin (mathematics)|origin]] of the [[Cartesian coordinate system]], which is the point (0,0), and has a transverse axis on the x-axis can be written as the equation
== Problem 6 ==
:<math>\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}} - \frac{y^{2}}{b^{2}} = 1.</math>
Let <math>a_n</math> be a sequence of numbers satisfying the recurrence relation:
''a'' is the distance between the center and a vertex. The length of the transverse axis is equal to ''2a''. ''b'' is the length of a perpendicular line segment from a vertex to an asymptote. The length of the conjugate axis is equal to ''2b''.
:<math>p a_n+q a_{n-1}+r a_{n-2}=0</math>
with initial condition <math>a_0=s</math> and <math>a_1=t</math>, where <math>p,q,r,s,t</math> are constants such that <math>{p}+q+r=0</math>, <math>p\neq 0</math> and <math>s\neq t</math>. Solve the recurrence relation.


The two branches of the above type of hyperbola open to the left and the right. If the branches open up and down and the transverse axis is on the y-axis, then the hyperbola can be written as the equation
== Problem 7 ==
:<math>\frac{y^{2}}{a^{2}} - \frac{x^{2}}{b^{2}} = 1.</math>
* 令<math>s_n</math>表示长度为<math>n</math>,没有2个连续的1的二进制串的数量,即
*:<math>s_n=|\{x\in\{0,1\}^n\mid \forall 1\le i\le n-1, x_ix_{i+1}\neq 11\}|</math>。
:求 <math>s_n</math>


== Hyperbolic trajectory ==
*令<math>t_n</math>表示长度为<math>n</math>,没有3个连续的1的二进制串的数量,即
A '''hyperbolic trajectory''' is the [[trajectory]] followed by an object when its [[velocity]] becomes more than the [[escape velocity]] of a [[planet]], [[Satellite (natural)|satellite]], or [[star]]. For example, [[meteor]]s approach on a hyperbolic trajectory, and interplanetary [[space probe]]s leave on one.
*:<math>t_n=|\{x\in\{0,1\}^n\mid \forall 1\le i\le n-2, x_ix_{i+1}x_{i+2}\neq 111\}|</math>。
[[Category:Conic sections]]
*#给出计算<math>t_n</math>的递归式,并给出足够的初始值。
*#计算<math>t_n</math>的生成函数<math>T(x)=\sum_{n\ge 0}t_n x^n</math>,给出生成函数<math>T(x)</math>的闭合形式。
 
注意:只需解生成函数的闭合形式,无需展开。

Revision as of 13:09, 17 September 2017

Problem 1

  1. [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]种不同的明信片,每种明信片有无限多张,寄给[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个人,每人一张,有多少种方法?
  2. [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]种不同的明信片,每种明信片有无限多张,寄给[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个人,每人一张,每个人必须收到不同种类的明信片,有多少种方法?
  3. [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]种不同的明信片,每种明信片有无限多张,寄给[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个人,每人收到[math]\displaystyle{ r }[/math]张不同的明信片(但不同的人可以收到相同的明信片),有多少种方法?
  4. 只有一种明信片,共有[math]\displaystyle{ m }[/math]张,寄给[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个人,全部寄完,每个人可以收多张明信片或者不收明信片,有多少种方法?
  5. [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]种不同的明信片,其中第[math]\displaystyle{ i }[/math]种明信片有[math]\displaystyle{ m_i }[/math]张,寄给[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个人,全部寄完,每个人可以收多张明信片或者不收明信片,有多少种方法?

Problem 2

Find the number of ways to select [math]\displaystyle{ 2n }[/math] balls from [math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math] identical blue balls, [math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math] identical red balls and [math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math] identical green balls.

  • Give a combinatorial proof for the problem.
  • Give an algebraic proof for the problem.

Problem 3

  • 一个长度为[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]的“山峦”是如下由[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个"/"和[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个"\"组成的,从坐标[math]\displaystyle{ (0,0) }[/math][math]\displaystyle{ (0,2n) }[/math]的折线,但任何时候都不允许低于[math]\displaystyle{ x }[/math]轴。例如下图:
   /\
  /  \/\/\    /\/\
 /        \/\/    \/\/\
 ----------------------
长度为[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]的“山峦”有多少?
  • 一个长度为[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]的“地貌”是由[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个"/"和[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个"\"组成的,从坐标[math]\displaystyle{ (0,0) }[/math][math]\displaystyle{ (0,2n) }[/math]的折线,允许低于[math]\displaystyle{ x }[/math]轴。长度为[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]的“地貌”有多少?

Problem 4

李雷和韩梅梅竞选学生会主席,韩梅梅获得选票 [math]\displaystyle{ p }[/math] 张,李雷获得选票 [math]\displaystyle{ q }[/math] 张,[math]\displaystyle{ p\gt q }[/math]。我们将总共的 [math]\displaystyle{ p+q }[/math] 张选票一张一张的点数,有多少种选票的排序方式使得在整个点票过程中,韩梅梅的票数一直高于李雷的票数?等价地,假设选票均匀分布的随机排列,以多大概率在整个点票过程中,韩梅梅的票数一直高于李雷的票数。

Problem 5

A [math]\displaystyle{ 2\times n }[/math] rectangle is to be paved with [math]\displaystyle{ 1\times 2 }[/math] identical blocks and [math]\displaystyle{ 2\times 2 }[/math] identical blocks. Let [math]\displaystyle{ f(n) }[/math] denote the number of ways that can be done. Find a recurrence relation for [math]\displaystyle{ f(n) }[/math], solve the recurrence relation.

Problem 6

Let [math]\displaystyle{ a_n }[/math] be a sequence of numbers satisfying the recurrence relation:

[math]\displaystyle{ p a_n+q a_{n-1}+r a_{n-2}=0 }[/math]

with initial condition [math]\displaystyle{ a_0=s }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ a_1=t }[/math], where [math]\displaystyle{ p,q,r,s,t }[/math] are constants such that [math]\displaystyle{ {p}+q+r=0 }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ p\neq 0 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ s\neq t }[/math]. Solve the recurrence relation.

Problem 7

  • [math]\displaystyle{ s_n }[/math]表示长度为[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math],没有2个连续的1的二进制串的数量,即
    [math]\displaystyle{ s_n=|\{x\in\{0,1\}^n\mid \forall 1\le i\le n-1, x_ix_{i+1}\neq 11\}| }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ s_n }[/math]
  • [math]\displaystyle{ t_n }[/math]表示长度为[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math],没有3个连续的1的二进制串的数量,即
    [math]\displaystyle{ t_n=|\{x\in\{0,1\}^n\mid \forall 1\le i\le n-2, x_ix_{i+1}x_{i+2}\neq 111\}| }[/math]
    1. 给出计算[math]\displaystyle{ t_n }[/math]的递归式,并给出足够的初始值。
    2. 计算[math]\displaystyle{ t_n }[/math]的生成函数[math]\displaystyle{ T(x)=\sum_{n\ge 0}t_n x^n }[/math],给出生成函数[math]\displaystyle{ T(x) }[/math]的闭合形式。

注意:只需解生成函数的闭合形式,无需展开。