Tesla (unit) and 组合数学 (Fall 2017)/Problem Set 1: Difference between pages

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The '''tesla''' (symbol '''T''') is the [[International System of Units|SI derived unit]] used to measure [[magnetic field]]s. Tesla can be measured in different ways; for example, one tesla is equal to one [[weber (unit)|weber]] per square meter.
*每道题目的解答都要有<font color="red" size=4>完整的解题过程</font>。中英文不限。


The tesla was first defined in 1960 by the [[CGPM|General Conference on Weights and Measures]] (CGPM).<!-- I don't actually know how to cite this using templates, sorry! --><ref name="cgpm">{{citation |url=http://www.bipm.org/en/CGPM/db/11/12/ |author= International Bureau of Weights and Measures |title=Système International d'Unités (International System of Units) |year=1960}}. 11<sup>th</sup> session, Resolution 12.</ref> It was named in honor of the [[physicist]], electrical engineer, and inventor, [[Nikola Tesla]].
== Problem 1 ==
#有<math>k</math>种不同的明信片,每种明信片有无限多张,寄给<math>n</math>个人,每人一张,有多少种方法?
#有<math>k</math>种不同的明信片,每种明信片有无限多张,寄给<math>n</math>个人,每人一张,每个人必须收到不同种类的明信片,有多少种方法?
#有<math>k</math>种不同的明信片,每种明信片有无限多张,寄给<math>n</math>个人,每人收到<math>r</math>张不同的明信片(但不同的人可以收到相同的明信片),有多少种方法?
#只有一种明信片,共有<math>m</math>张,寄给<math>n</math>个人,全部寄完,每个人可以收多张明信片或者不收明信片,有多少种方法?
#有<math>k</math>种不同的明信片,其中第<math>i</math>种明信片有<math>m_i</math>张,寄给<math>n</math>个人,全部寄完,每个人可以收多张明信片或者不收明信片,有多少种方法?


== Definitions ==
== Problem 2 ==
Using only the seven [[SI_base_unit#Base_units_of_measurement|base SI units]], the definition of a tesla is:
Find the number of ways to select <math>2n</math> balls from <math>n</math> identical blue balls, <math>n</math> identical red balls and <math>n</math> identical green balls.
:<math>\mbox{T}
* Give a combinatorial proof for the problem.
= \dfrac{\mbox{kg}}{\mbox{A} \cdot \mbox{s}^2}
* Give an algebraic proof for the problem.
</math>


Using other SI derived units, a tesla is also equal to:
== Problem 3 ==
:<math>\mbox{T}
*一个长度为<math>n</math>的“山峦”是如下由<math>n</math>个"/"和<math>n</math>个"\"组成的,从坐标<math>(0,0)</math>到<math>(0,2n)</math>的折线,但任何时候都不允许低于<math>x</math>轴。例如下图:
= \dfrac{\mbox{V} \cdot \mbox{s}}{\mbox{m}^{2}}
= \dfrac{\mbox{N}}{\mbox{A} \cdot \mbox{m}}
= \dfrac{\mbox{Wb}}{\mbox{m}^{2}}
= \dfrac{\mbox{kg}}{\mbox{C} \cdot \mbox{s}}
= \dfrac{\mbox{N} \cdot \mbox{s}}{\mbox{C} \cdot \mbox{m}}
</math>
The units used are:


A = [[ampere]]
    /\
<br>C = [[coulomb]]
  /  \/\/\    /\/\
<br>kg = [[kilogram]]
  /        \/\/    \/\/\
<br>m = [[meter]]
  ----------------------
<br>N = [[newton]]
:长度为<math>n</math>的“山峦”有多少?
<br>s = [[second]]
<br>T = tesla
<br>V = [[volt]]
<br>Wb = [[Weber (unit)|weber]]


A tesla is also equal to 10,000 (10<sup>4</sup>) [[gauss (unit)|gauss]] in the [[Centimetre–gram–second system of units|CGS]] system of units.
*一个长度为<math>n</math>的“地貌”是由<math>n</math>个"/"和<math>n</math>个"\"组成的,从坐标<math>(0,0)</math>到<math>(0,2n)</math>的折线,允许低于<math>x</math>轴。长度为<math>n</math>的“地貌”有多少?


== Example values ==
== Problem 4==
* '''3.1×10<sup>−5</sup>–5.8<sup>-5</sup> T''' – the [[Earth's magnetic field]] at its surface
李雷和韩梅梅竞选学生会主席,韩梅梅获得选票 <math>p</math> 张,李雷获得选票 <math>q</math> 张,<math>p>q</math>。我们将总共的 <math>p+q</math> 张选票一张一张的点数,有多少种选票的排序方式使得在整个点票过程中,韩梅梅的票数一直高于李雷的票数?等价地,假设选票均匀分布的随机排列,以多大概率在整个点票过程中,韩梅梅的票数一直高于李雷的票数。
* '''5×10<sup>-3</sup> T''' – the strength of a typical [[refrigerator]] [[magnet]]
* '''0.3 T''' – the strength of solar [[sunspot]]s
* '''1.25T''' – the strength of the surface of a [[neodymium magnet]]
* '''1.5−3 T''' – strength of medical [[magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imaging systems]]
* '''4 T''' – strength of the superconducting magnet built around the [[Compact Muon Solenoid|CMS]] detector at [[CERN]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Taylor, Lucas |title=Superconducting Magnet in CMS |url=http://cms.web.cern.ch/news/superconducting-magnet |date=23 November 2011 |publisher=European Laboratory for Particle Physics |accessdate=5 April 2013}}</ref>
* '''13 T''' – strength of ITER [[fusion reactor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iter.org/mach/magnets |title=ITER - the way to new energy |accessdate=19 April 2012}}</ref>
* '''16 T''' – magnetic field strength required to levitate a frog as part of an [[Ig Nobel Prize]] winning project.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Berry, M.V. and A.K. Geim|year=1997|url=https://www.ru.nl/publish/pages/682806/frog-ejp.pdf|title=Of flying frogs and levitrons|journal=European Journal of Physics|volume=18|issue=4|accessdate=5 April 2013}}</ref>


== References ==
==Problem 5==
{{reflist}}
A <math>2\times n</math> rectangle is to be paved with <math>1\times 2</math> identical blocks and <math>2\times 2</math> identical blocks. Let <math>f(n)</math> denote the number of ways that can be done. Find a recurrence relation for <math>f(n)</math>, solve the recurrence relation.


[[Category:SI units]]
== Problem 6 ==
[[Category:Magnetism]]
* 令<math>s_n</math>表示长度为<math>n</math>,没有2个连续的1的二进制串的数量,即
*:<math>s_n=|\{x\in\{0,1\}^n\mid \forall 1\le i\le n-1, x_ix_{i+1}\neq 11\}|</math>。
:求 <math>s_n</math>。
 
*令<math>t_n</math>表示长度为<math>n</math>,没有3个连续的1的二进制串的数量,即
*:<math>t_n=|\{x\in\{0,1\}^n\mid \forall 1\le i\le n-2, x_ix_{i+1}x_{i+2}\neq 111\}|</math>。
*#给出计算<math>t_n</math>的递归式,并给出足够的初始值。
*#计算<math>t_n</math>的生成函数<math>T(x)=\sum_{n\ge 0}t_n x^n</math>,给出生成函数<math>T(x)</math>的闭合形式。
 
注意:只需解生成函数的闭合形式,无需展开。
 
== Problem 7 ==
Let <math>a_n</math> be a sequence of numbers satisfying the recurrence relation:
:<math>p a_n+q a_{n-1}+r a_{n-2}=0</math>
with initial condition <math>a_0=s</math> and <math>a_1=t</math>, where <math>p,q,r,s,t</math> are constants such that <math>{p}+q+r=0</math>, <math>p\neq 0</math> and <math>s\neq t</math>. Solve the recurrence relation.

Revision as of 13:14, 17 September 2017

  • 每道题目的解答都要有完整的解题过程。中英文不限。

Problem 1

  1. [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]种不同的明信片,每种明信片有无限多张,寄给[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个人,每人一张,有多少种方法?
  2. [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]种不同的明信片,每种明信片有无限多张,寄给[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个人,每人一张,每个人必须收到不同种类的明信片,有多少种方法?
  3. [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]种不同的明信片,每种明信片有无限多张,寄给[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个人,每人收到[math]\displaystyle{ r }[/math]张不同的明信片(但不同的人可以收到相同的明信片),有多少种方法?
  4. 只有一种明信片,共有[math]\displaystyle{ m }[/math]张,寄给[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个人,全部寄完,每个人可以收多张明信片或者不收明信片,有多少种方法?
  5. [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]种不同的明信片,其中第[math]\displaystyle{ i }[/math]种明信片有[math]\displaystyle{ m_i }[/math]张,寄给[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个人,全部寄完,每个人可以收多张明信片或者不收明信片,有多少种方法?

Problem 2

Find the number of ways to select [math]\displaystyle{ 2n }[/math] balls from [math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math] identical blue balls, [math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math] identical red balls and [math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math] identical green balls.

  • Give a combinatorial proof for the problem.
  • Give an algebraic proof for the problem.

Problem 3

  • 一个长度为[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]的“山峦”是如下由[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个"/"和[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个"\"组成的,从坐标[math]\displaystyle{ (0,0) }[/math][math]\displaystyle{ (0,2n) }[/math]的折线,但任何时候都不允许低于[math]\displaystyle{ x }[/math]轴。例如下图:
   /\
  /  \/\/\    /\/\
 /        \/\/    \/\/\
 ----------------------
长度为[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]的“山峦”有多少?
  • 一个长度为[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]的“地貌”是由[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个"/"和[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]个"\"组成的,从坐标[math]\displaystyle{ (0,0) }[/math][math]\displaystyle{ (0,2n) }[/math]的折线,允许低于[math]\displaystyle{ x }[/math]轴。长度为[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]的“地貌”有多少?

Problem 4

李雷和韩梅梅竞选学生会主席,韩梅梅获得选票 [math]\displaystyle{ p }[/math] 张,李雷获得选票 [math]\displaystyle{ q }[/math] 张,[math]\displaystyle{ p\gt q }[/math]。我们将总共的 [math]\displaystyle{ p+q }[/math] 张选票一张一张的点数,有多少种选票的排序方式使得在整个点票过程中,韩梅梅的票数一直高于李雷的票数?等价地,假设选票均匀分布的随机排列,以多大概率在整个点票过程中,韩梅梅的票数一直高于李雷的票数。

Problem 5

A [math]\displaystyle{ 2\times n }[/math] rectangle is to be paved with [math]\displaystyle{ 1\times 2 }[/math] identical blocks and [math]\displaystyle{ 2\times 2 }[/math] identical blocks. Let [math]\displaystyle{ f(n) }[/math] denote the number of ways that can be done. Find a recurrence relation for [math]\displaystyle{ f(n) }[/math], solve the recurrence relation.

Problem 6

  • [math]\displaystyle{ s_n }[/math]表示长度为[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math],没有2个连续的1的二进制串的数量,即
    [math]\displaystyle{ s_n=|\{x\in\{0,1\}^n\mid \forall 1\le i\le n-1, x_ix_{i+1}\neq 11\}| }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ s_n }[/math]
  • [math]\displaystyle{ t_n }[/math]表示长度为[math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math],没有3个连续的1的二进制串的数量,即
    [math]\displaystyle{ t_n=|\{x\in\{0,1\}^n\mid \forall 1\le i\le n-2, x_ix_{i+1}x_{i+2}\neq 111\}| }[/math]
    1. 给出计算[math]\displaystyle{ t_n }[/math]的递归式,并给出足够的初始值。
    2. 计算[math]\displaystyle{ t_n }[/math]的生成函数[math]\displaystyle{ T(x)=\sum_{n\ge 0}t_n x^n }[/math],给出生成函数[math]\displaystyle{ T(x) }[/math]的闭合形式。

注意:只需解生成函数的闭合形式,无需展开。

Problem 7

Let [math]\displaystyle{ a_n }[/math] be a sequence of numbers satisfying the recurrence relation:

[math]\displaystyle{ p a_n+q a_{n-1}+r a_{n-2}=0 }[/math]

with initial condition [math]\displaystyle{ a_0=s }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ a_1=t }[/math], where [math]\displaystyle{ p,q,r,s,t }[/math] are constants such that [math]\displaystyle{ {p}+q+r=0 }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ p\neq 0 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ s\neq t }[/math]. Solve the recurrence relation.