Combinatorics (Fall 2010)/Finite set systems

Systems of Distinct Representatives (SDR)

Hall's marriage theorem

Hall's Theorem

The sets [math]\displaystyle{ S_1,S_2,\ldots,S_m }[/math] have a system of distinct representatives (SDR) if and only if [math]\displaystyle{ \left|\bigcup_{i\in I}S_i\right|\ge |I| }[/math] for all [math]\displaystyle{ I\subseteq\{1,2,\ldots,m\} }[/math].

Doubly stochastic matrices

Theorem (Birkhoff 1949; von Neumann 1953)

Every doubly stochastic matrix is a convex combination of permutation matrices.

Min-max theorems

König-Egerváry theorem

Theorem (König 1931; Egerváry 1931)

In any bipartite graph, the size of a maximum matching equals the size of a minimum vertex cover.

Menger's theorem

Theorem (Menger 1927)

Let [math]\displaystyle{ G }[/math] be a graph and let [math]\displaystyle{ s }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math] be two vertices of [math]\displaystyle{ G }[/math]. The maximum number of internally disjoint paths from [math]\displaystyle{ s }[/math] to [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math] equals the minimum number of vertices in a[math]\displaystyle{ s }[/math]-[math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math] separating set.