计算理论之美 (Summer 2021)

计算理论之美

负责人
姚鹏晖
Email	pyao@nju.edu.cn
日期
2021.7.8-2021.7.11
地点
南京大学仙林校区计算机系楼111报告厅
助教
钦明珑
Email	mf1833054@smail.nju.edu.cn

课程安排

时间	讲题	发言人
7月8日
8:20 am -- 8:30 am	开幕致辞
8:30 am -- 11:30 am	参数算法	陈翌佳 上海交通大学
茶歇
午餐
2:00 pm -- 2:50 pm	王大伟 浙江大学	Title:Synthesis of Anti-symmetric Spin Exchange Interaction in Superconducting Circuits Abstract:According to quantum mechanics, chiral states cannot be non-degenerate eingenstates of a parity-conserving Hamiltonian. This is in contradiction to the existence of chiral molecules—a fact known as as the Hund paradox. The origin of molecular and biological chirality is conjectured to be related to parity-breaking interactions or environmental decoherence, but a quantum superposition of two chiral molecular states with distinctive optical activities has never been observed. To make progress in addressing these questions, it would be helpful to construct an artificial quantum system that breaks the parity symmetry and that can be prepared in a superposition of two chiral states. Here we report the synthesis of the parity-breaking antisymmetric spin exchange interaction in all-to-all connected superconducting circuits, which allows us to show various chiral spin dynamics in up to five-spin clusters. We also demonstrate the entanglement of up to five qubits in Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger states based on a three-spin chiral logic gate. Our results are a step towards quantum simulation of magnetism with antisymmetric spin exhange interaction and quantum computation with chiral spin states.
2:55 pm -- 3:45 pm	戴汉宁 中国科学与技术大学	Title: Mass Production of Entanglement in a Defect-free Ultracold Atom Lattice Abstract:Scalable, coherent many-body systems are of fundamental interest, which could ultimately enable a quantum machine outperforming conventional computers. A paradigmatic quantum simulator is composed of neutral atoms in optical lattice with great potential for quantum technologies. However, previous experiments achieved neither sufficient number of qubits nor qualified two-qubit gates for future applications. Here we report the creation of a defect-free quantum simulator with ten-thousand atoms and mass production of high-fidelity entangled pairs. In a two-dimensional (2D) plane, we cool the Mott-insulator samples by immersing them into removable superfluid reservoirs and a record-low entropy per particle of 0.0019 $k_B $ is achieved ($k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant). The atoms are then rearranged into a 2D lattice free of defects. Afterwards, we realize parallel two-qubit gates for entangling 1250 atom pairs with a fidelity of 0.993(1). This experiment opens an avenue for large-scale quantum simulation and computation.
茶歇
4:10 pm -- 5:00 pm	鲁大为 南方科技大学	Title: Experimental Implementation of Efficient Quantum Pseudorandomness on a 12-spin System Abstract:Quantum pseudorandomness, also known as unitary designs, comprises a powerful resource for emergent quantum technologies. Although in theory pseudorandom unitary operators can be constructed efficiently, realizing these objects in realistic physical systems is a challenging task. Here, we demonstrate experimental generation and detection of quantum pseudorandomness on a 12-qubit nuclear magnetic resonance system. We first apply random sequences to the interacting nuclear spins, leading to random quantum evolutions that can quickly form unitary designs. Then, in order to probe the growth of quantum pseudorandomness during the time-evolutions, we propose the idea of using the system’s multiple-quantum coherence distribution as an indicator. Based on this indicator, we measure the spreading of quantum coherences and find that substantial quantum pseudorandomness has been achieved at the 12-qubit scale. This may open up a path to experimentally explore quantum randomness on forthcoming large-scale quantum processors.

10月20日
9:00 am -- 9:50 am	李绿周 中山大学	Title: 量子生成对抗网络 Abstract:量子机器学习近年来得到了较大关注。我们考虑如何基于量子计算技术提升生成对抗网络（GAN）的性能。具体来说，我们提出一个量子生成对抗网络模型（QGAN)，该模型是一种经典-量子混合架构，其中以参数量子电路作为生成器，以经典神经网络作为区分器。所提出的QGAN具有以下特征或潜在优势：1.具有内在的生成离散数据的能力，而经典GAN由于梯度消失问题并不擅长生成离散数据。2.避免了目前大多数量子机器学习算法所面临的输入/输出瓶颈问题（即要么需要花费大量时间把经典数据编码为量子态，要么输出的只是问题解的量子态编码而不是经典可读取的形式）。3.可以把蕴含在训练集中的概率分布显示地学习出来，进而可以作进一步的应用。
茶歇
10:15 am -- 11:05 am	李科 哈尔滨工业大学	Title: Quantum de Finetti Theorem under One-way Adaptive Measurements Abstract:I will talk about a version of the quantum de Finetti theorem: permutation-invariant quantum states are well approximated as a probabilistic mixture of multi-fold product states. The approximation is measured by distinguishability under one-way adaptive measurements. I will also talk about its applications: (i) a quasipolynomial-time algorithm which detects multipartite entanglement with amount larger than an arbitrarily small constant (measured with a variant of the relative entropy of entanglement), and (ii) a proof that in quantum Merlin-Arthur proof systems, polynomially many provers are not more powerful than a single prover when the verifier is restricted to one-way adaptive measurements.
11:10 am -- 12:00 pm	魏朝晖 清华大学	Title: The Experimental Detection and Quantification of Entanglement Abstract:We define a property called nondegeneracy for Bell inequalities, which describes the situation that in a Bell setting, if a Bell inequality and involved local measurements are chosen and fixed, any quantum state with a given dimension and its orthogonal quantum state cannot violate the inequality remarkably at the same time. We prove that for an arbitrary quantum dimension, based on the measurement statistics only, we can give an analytic lower bound for the entanglement of formation of the unknown bipartite quantum state by choosing a proper nondegenerate Bell inequality, making the whole process semi-device-independent. We provide specific examples to demonstrate the existence of nondegeneracy and applications of our approach.
午餐
2:00 pm -- 2:50 pm	李颖 中国工程物理研究院	Title:Error-resilient Quantum Computation on Near-future Quantum Computers Abstract:Computation is meaningful only if it produces correct outcomes. On a scalable quantum computer with millions of qubits, by protecting the quantum information using error correction codes, we can realise quantum computation with reliable outcomes. In this talk, I will present two alternative approaches that can reduce computation errors without encoding; therefore, they are practical for near-future quantum computers with a limited number of qubits.
2:55 pm -- 3:45 pm	翁文康 南方科技大学 华为量子计算软件与算法首席科学家	Title: 专用量子计算机的应用算法 Abstract:在不久的将来，我们可以预期学术界和工业界在量子计算机的研发上有持续的突破。比如对于 50 个量子比特以上的量子芯片，能够达到非常高精度的调控技术。很有可能对于一些特定的计算任务，这些量子芯片能够执行到一个程度，是经典计算机无法有效模拟的。可是，这些芯片的量子比特个数还是远远不足以实现教科书里面的量子算法。当前的一个重大的问题就是，如何开发针对近期量子芯片的应用，去解决一些实际的科学或者工程问题？此外，对于一般用户，我们预期这些算力强大的专用量子机能够通过互联网，作为一种云服务去访问。这种形式的量子计算云服务也引发出不少学术问题，比如说，如何验证互联网背后的服务器是否带有真正的量子计算机而不是一个经典模拟器？ 在这次报告中，我将汇报最近的几个相关的科研成果和分享我对这些问题的看法。
茶歇
4:10 pm -- 5:00 pm	Panel Discussion