Combinatorics (Fall 2010)/Extremal set theory II

Sauer's lemma and VC-dimension

Definition

Let [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}\subseteq 2^X }[/math] be set family and let [math]\displaystyle{ R\subseteq X }[/math] be a subset. The restriction of [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F} }[/math] on [math]\displaystyle{ R }[/math], denoted [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}|_R }[/math] is defined as [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}|_R=\{S\cap R\mid S\in\mathcal{F}\} }[/math]. We say that [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F} }[/math] shatters [math]\displaystyle{ R }[/math] if [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}|_R=2^R }[/math], i.e. for all [math]\displaystyle{ T\subseteq R }[/math], there exists an [math]\displaystyle{ S\in\mathcal{F} }[/math] such that [math]\displaystyle{ T=S\cap R }[/math].

Sauer's Lemma (Sauer; Shelah-Perles; Vapnik-Chervonenkis)

Let [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}\subseteq 2^X }[/math] where [math]\displaystyle{ |X|=n }[/math]. If [math]\displaystyle{ |\mathcal{F}|\gt \sum_{1\le i\lt k}{n\choose i} }[/math], then there exists an [math]\displaystyle{ R\in{X\choose k} }[/math] such that [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F} }[/math] shatters [math]\displaystyle{ R }[/math].

Definition (VC-dimension)

The Vapnik–Chervonenkis dimension (VC-dimension) of a set family [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}\subseteq 2^X }[/math], denoted [math]\displaystyle{ \text{VC-dim}(\mathcal{F}) }[/math], is the size of the largest [math]\displaystyle{ R\subseteq X }[/math] shattered by [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F} }[/math].

The Kruskal–Katona Theorem

Reverse lexicographic order of subsets

Theorem (Kruskal 1963, Katona 1966)

Let [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}\subseteq {X\choose k} }[/math] with [math]\displaystyle{ |\mathcal{F}|=m }[/math], and suppose that [math]\displaystyle{ m={m_k\choose k}+{m_{k-1}\choose k-1}+\cdots+{m_t\choose t} }[/math] where [math]\displaystyle{ m_k\gt m_{k-1}\gt \cdots\gt m_t\ge t\ge 1 }[/math]. Then [math]\displaystyle{ |\Delta\mathcal{F}|\ge {m_k\choose k-1}+{m_{k-1}\choose k-2}+\cdots+{m_t\choose t-1} }[/math].

Proposition

[math]\displaystyle{ \Delta(S_{ij}(\mathcal{F}))\subseteq S_{ij}(\Delta(\mathcal{F})) }[/math].

Proof. [math]\displaystyle{ \square }[/math]

Corollary

[math]\displaystyle{ |\Delta(S_{ij}(\mathcal{F}))|\le |S_{ij}(\Delta(\mathcal{F}))|=|\Delta(\mathcal{F})| }[/math].

Frankl's shifting proof of Kruskal-Katonal theorem

Theorem (Kruskal 1963, Katona 1966)

Let [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}\subseteq {X\choose k} }[/math] with [math]\displaystyle{ |\mathcal{F}|=m }[/math], and suppose that [math]\displaystyle{ m={m_k\choose k}+{m_{k-1}\choose k-1}+\cdots+{m_t\choose t} }[/math] where [math]\displaystyle{ m_k\gt m_{k-1}\gt \cdots\gt m_t\ge t\ge 1 }[/math]. Then [math]\displaystyle{ |\Delta\mathcal{F}|\ge {m_k\choose k-1}+{m_{k-1}\choose k-2}+\cdots+{m_t\choose t-1} }[/math].

We know that shifts never enlarge the shadow, thus it is sufficient to prove the theorem for shifted [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F} }[/math]. We then assume [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F} }[/math] is shifted.

Apply induction on [math]\displaystyle{ m }[/math] and for given [math]\displaystyle{ m }[/math] on [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]. The theorem holds trivially for the case that [math]\displaystyle{ k=1 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ m }[/math] is arbitrary.

Define

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}_0=\{A\in\mathcal{F}\mid 1\not\in A\} }[/math],

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}_1=\{A\in\mathcal{F}\mid 1\in A\} }[/math].

And let [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}_1'=\{A\setminus\{1\}\mid A\in\mathcal{F}_1\} }[/math].

Clearly [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}_0,\mathcal{F}_1\subseteq{X\choose k} }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}_1'\subseteq{X\choose k-1} }[/math], and

[math]\displaystyle{ |\mathcal{F}|=|\mathcal{F}_0|+|\mathcal{F}_1|=|\mathcal{F}_0|+|\mathcal{F}_1'| }[/math].

Our induction is based on the following observation regarding the size of the shadow.

Claim 1

[math]\displaystyle{ |\Delta(\mathcal{F})|\ge|\Delta(\mathcal{F}_1')|+|\mathcal{F}_1'| }[/math].

Proof. Obviously [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}\supseteq\mathcal{F}_1 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \Delta(\mathcal{F})\supseteq\Delta(\mathcal{F}_1) }[/math]. [math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} \Delta(\mathcal{F}_1) &=\left\{A\in{X\choose k-1}\,\,\bigg|\,\, \exists B\in\mathcal{F}_1, A\subset B\right\}\\ &=\left\{A\in{X\choose k-1}\,\,\bigg|\,\, 1\in A, \exists B\in\mathcal{F}_1, A\subset B\right\}\\ &\quad\, \cup \left\{A\in{X\choose k-1}\,\,\bigg|\,\, 1\not\in A, \exists B\in\mathcal{F}_1, A\subset B\right\}\\ &=\{S\cup\{1\}\mid S\in\Delta(\mathcal{F}_1')\}\cup\mathcal{F}_1'. \end{align} }[/math] The union is taken over two disjoint families. Therefore, [math]\displaystyle{ |\Delta(\mathcal{F})|\ge|\Delta(\mathcal{F})_1|=|\Delta(\mathcal{F}_1')|+|\mathcal{F}_1'| }[/math]. [math]\displaystyle{ \square }[/math]

The following property of shifted [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F} }[/math] is essential for our proof.

Claim 2

For shifted [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F} }[/math], it holds that [math]\displaystyle{ \Delta(\mathcal{F}_0)\subseteq \mathcal{F}_1' }[/math].

Proof. By contradiction, assume that there exists an [math]\displaystyle{ A }[/math] such that [math]\displaystyle{ A\in\Delta(\mathcal{F}_0) }[/math] but [math]\displaystyle{ A\not\in\mathcal{F}_1' }[/math]. Then obviously [math]\displaystyle{ 1\not\in A }[/math]; [math]\displaystyle{ A\in\Delta(\mathcal{F}_0) }[/math] implies that there exists a [math]\displaystyle{ j\neq 1 }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ j\not\in A }[/math], such that [math]\displaystyle{ A\cup\{j\}\in \mathcal{F}_0 }[/math]; and [math]\displaystyle{ A\not\in\mathcal{F}_1' }[/math] implies that [math]\displaystyle{ A\cup\{1\}\not\in\mathcal{F}_1 }[/math]. Denoting [math]\displaystyle{ B=A\cup\{j\} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ B_{1j}=B\setminus\{j\}\cup\{1\}=A\cup\{1\} }[/math], from the above argument, we have that [math]\displaystyle{ B\in\mathcal{F} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ B_{1j}\not\in\mathcal{F} }[/math], which contradicts that [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F} }[/math] is shifted. [math]\displaystyle{ \square }[/math]

We then bound the size of [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}_1' }[/math] as:

Claim 3

[math]\displaystyle{ |\mathcal{F}_1'|\ge{m_k-1\choose k-1}+{m_{k-1}-1\choose k-2}+\cdots+{m_t-1\choose t-1} }[/math].

Proof. By contradiction, assume that [math]\displaystyle{ |\mathcal{F}_1'|\lt {m_k-1\choose k-1}+{m_{k-1}-1\choose k-2}+\cdots+{m_t-1\choose t-1} }[/math]. Then by [math]\displaystyle{ |\mathcal{F}|=|\mathcal{F}_0|+|\mathcal{F}_1'| }[/math], it holds that [math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} |\mathcal{F}_0| &=m-|\mathcal{F}_1'|\\ &\ge {m_k\choose k}+{m_{k-1}\choose k-1}+\cdots+{m_t\choose t}\\ &\quad\,- {m_k-1\choose k-1}-{m_{k-1}-1\choose k-2}-\cdots-{m_t-1\choose t-1}+1\\ &={m_k-1\choose k}+{m_{k-1}-1\choose k-1}+\cdots+{m_t-1\choose t}+1. \end{align} }[/math] If [math]\displaystyle{ m_k\gt t }[/math], then by the induction hypothesis, we have [math]\displaystyle{ |\Delta(\mathcal{F}_0)|\ge{m_k-1\choose k-1}+{m_{k-1}-1\choose k-1}+\cdots+{m_t-1\choose t-1} }[/math], and due to Claim 2, we have [math]\displaystyle{ |\mathcal{F}_1'|\ge|\Delta(\mathcal{F}_0)|\ge{m_k-1\choose k-1}+\cdots+{m_t-1\choose t-1} }[/math], contradicting. If [math]\displaystyle{ m_k=t }[/math], then let [math]\displaystyle{ s }[/math] be the largest integer so that [math]\displaystyle{ m_s=s }[/math] holds, [math]\displaystyle{ k\ge s\ge t }[/math]. Then [math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} |\mathcal{F}_0| &\ge{m_k-1\choose k}+{m_{k-1}-1\choose k-1}+\cdots+{m_t-1\choose t}+1\\ &\ge {m_k-1\choose k}+{m_{k-1}-1\choose k-1}+\cdots+{m_{s+1}-1\choose s+1}+{s\choose s}. \end{align} }[/math] By the induction hypothesis, we have [math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} |\Delta(\mathcal{F}_0)| &\ge{m_k-1\choose k-1}+{m_{k-1}-1\choose k-1}+\cdots+{m_{s+1}-1\choose s}+{s\choose s-1}\\ &\ge{m_k-1\choose k-1}+{m_{k-1}-1\choose k-1}+\cdots+{m_{s+1}-1\choose s}+(s-t+1)\\ &={m_k-1\choose k-1}+{m_{k-1}-1\choose k-1}+\cdots+{m_{t}-1\choose t-1}, \end{align} }[/math] again by Claim 2 [math]\displaystyle{ |\mathcal{F}_1'|\ge|\Delta(\mathcal{F}_0)| }[/math], in contradiction to the assumption [math]\displaystyle{ |\mathcal{F}_1'|\lt {m_k-1\choose k-1}+\cdots+{m_t-1\choose t-1} }[/math]. [math]\displaystyle{ \square }[/math]

Now we officially apply the induction. By Claim 1,

[math]\displaystyle{ |\Delta(\mathcal{F})|\ge|\Delta(\mathcal{F}_1')|+|\mathcal{F}_1'| }[/math].

Note that [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}_1'\subseteq{X\choose k-1} }[/math], and due to Claim 3,

[math]\displaystyle{ |\mathcal{F}_1'|\ge{m_k-1\choose k-1}+{m_{k-1}-1\choose k-2}+\cdots+{m_t-1\choose t-1} }[/math],

thus by the induction hypothesis,

[math]\displaystyle{ |\Delta(\mathcal{F}_1')|\ge{m_k-1\choose k-2}+{m_{k-1}-1\choose k-3}+\cdots+{m_t-1\choose t-2} }[/math].

Combining them together, we have

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} |\Delta(\mathcal{F})| &\ge |\Delta(\mathcal{F}_1')|+|\mathcal{F}_1'|\\ &\ge {m_k-1\choose k-2}+\cdots+{m_t-1\choose t-2}+{m_k-1\choose k-1}+\cdots+{m_t-1\choose t-1}\\ &= {m_k\choose k-1}+{m_{k-1}\choose k-2}+\cdots+{m_t\choose t-1}. \end{align} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \square }[/math]

Lovász's simplification

Recall that

[math]\displaystyle{ {x\choose k}=\frac{x(x-1)\cdots(x-k+1)}{k!} }[/math] can be defined for any real values of [math]\displaystyle{ x }[/math].

Theorem (Lovász)

Let [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}\subseteq {X\choose k} }[/math] with [math]\displaystyle{ |\mathcal{F}|=m }[/math], and suppose that [math]\displaystyle{ m={x\choose k} }[/math] for some real number [math]\displaystyle{ x\ge k }[/math]. Then [math]\displaystyle{ |\Delta\mathcal{F}|\ge {x\choose k-1} }[/math].